Risk factor: sleep deprivation prior to travel.Definition: a circadian rhythm sleep disorder characterized by insomnia or hypersomnia due to travel across time zones.Risk factor : : associated with older age.Definition: a sleep-wake disorder characterized by earlier than desired sleep onset and awakening times.Melatonin receptor agonist (e.g., ramelteon, administered at night).Risk factors: puberty, use of stimulants (e.g., caffeine), irregular sleep.Definition: a sleep-wake disorder characterized by a recurrent delay in sleep onset and waking times.See “Sleep-phase-specific disorders” in “ Sleep physiology” section above.Ĭommon features of circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders.REM-related parasomnias: a group of parasomnias characterized by a dissociation between REM sleep and the awake state.NREM-related parasomnia: a group of parasomnias characterized by repeated episodes of brief but incomplete awakenings that typically occur during the first third of sleep.Definition : : a group of primary sleeping disorders characterized by abnormal behaviors or experiences that occur while falling asleep, during sleep, or while waking up.Definition : : a group of primary sleeping disorders characterized by difficulty falling/staying asleep or hypersomnia ( excessive daytime sleepiness ).“I saw the t(w)ooth fairy fleeing and the three little pigs peeing:” teeth grinding occurs during N2 stage and bedwetting during N3 stage NREM sleep. “For BETTER (read “beta”) WAVES, Ask The Silent Surfer Dozing at the Beach:” Beta waves while awake Alpha waves with eye closure Theta waves during N1 Sleep spindles during N2 Delta waves during N3 Beta waves during REM sleep). Narcolepsy: shortened REM sleep latency.Early morning awakening (terminal insomnia).Mixed EEG pattern (predominantly beta waves).Typically lasts 90–120 minutes in a healthy person.Period of time between the onset of sleep and the first REM episode.Maximum muscle relaxation with simultaneous REM.Irregular, sharply peaked eye movements regulated by the activation of the conjugate gaze center in the paramedian pontine reticular formation ( PPRF).The duration and the proportion of REM sleep in relation to NREM sleep increases over the course of the night.The percentage of REM sleep decreases with age.Delta waves (EEG) ( 0–4 Hz) with the highest amplitude.The length of N3 stages decreases over the course of the night.The percentage of N3 stage decreases with age.Teeth grinding ( bruxism) most commonly occurs during N2 sleep.K-complexes: high amplitude, diphasic, frontocentral slow waves.Sleep spindles: short bursts of EEG waves with a frequency of 12–14 Hz.Obstructive sleep apnea leads to increased N1 sleep.Characterized by hypnic jerks: spontaneous myoclonic contractions associated with a sensation of twitching or falling.Beta waves ( > 13 Hz) with the lowest amplitude.Narcolepsy, restless legs syndrome, and obstructive sleep apnea are discussed in separate articles. Treatment of sleep disorders and sleep loss may include sleep hygiene practice, phototherapy, and sedative pharmacotherapy. Symptoms include excessive daytime sleepiness and cognitive impairment. Environmental factors (e.g., long working hours, irregular sleep schedules, alcohol consumption) can also lead to sleep loss. Symptoms include difficulty falling asleep, difficulty remaining asleep, or abnormal behavior during sleep. Primary sleep disorders are further divided into dyssomnias and parasomnias. Sleep disorders can be grouped into primary disorders (i.e., due to an intrinsic disorder of the sleep-wake cycle) and secondary disorders (i.e., due to an underlying medical condition). It is regulated by the circadian rhythm and usually consists of 4–5 sleep cycles that include three stages of non-rapid eye movement sleep ( NREM sleep) and one stage of rapid eye movement sleep ( REM sleep). Sleep is a physiologically recurring state of rest characterized by relative suspension of consciousness and inaction of voluntary muscles.

Not getting deep sleep symptoms